England

England ⁱ/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.^[2][3][4] It shares land borders with Scotland to the north andWales to the west. The Irish Sea lies north west of England, whilst theCeltic Sea lies to the southwest. The North Sea to the east and theEnglish Channel to the south separate England from continental Europe. The country covers much of the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and theIsle of Wight.

The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but takes its name from theAngles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world.^[5] TheEnglish language, the Anglican Church, and English law – the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world – developed in England, and the country's parliamentary systemof government has been widely adopted by other nations.^[6] TheIndustrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.^[7]

England's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north (for example, the mountainous Lake District, Pennines, and Yorkshire Dales) and in the south west (for example, Dartmoor and theCotswolds). The capital of England is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures.^{[nb 1]} The population of over 53 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London, the South East, and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East andYorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.^[8]

The Kingdom of England – which after 1284 included Wales – was asovereign state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.^[9][10] In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter beingrenamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.